AIR, CLIMATE & WEATHER
- Ø Gas mixture
- Ø Layered Envelope
· Troposphere
· Stratosphere
· Mesosphere
· Thermosphere
· Ionosphere
WEATHER ENGINE
- · Solar Radiation
Ø Albedo(reflectivity)
Ø Greenhouse effect
- · Convection Current
Ø Water Vapour
WEATHER
- · Energy balance in the Atmosphere
- · Convection cells
- · Prevailing winds
- · Jet Streams
- · Frontal weather
Ø Cold and Warm
HUMAN CAUSED GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES
- · Greenhouse gases
Ø Carbon Dioxide
Ø Aerosols
- · Sources
Ø Burning fossil fuels
- · Industrial Process
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- · Temperature changes
- · Impact on plants and animals
- · Rising sea-levels impacting coast lives
- · Melting ice packs
- · Possible Increase of Disease
CUTTING EMMISSIONS
- · Kyoto protocol
- · Developed nation
- · Developing nations
- NATURAL SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION
- · Volcanoes
- · Emissions from Vegetarian
WATER RESOURCES
- · Hydrologic cycle
- · Evaporation/Sublimation
- · Saturation
- · Relative humidity
- · Condensation
- · Dew point
- · Rainfall & Topography
Ø Rain Shadow
- · Desert belts
- · Balancing the water budget
MAJOR WATER COMPONENTS
- · Oceans
- · Glaciers, Ice and snow
- · Ground Water
Ø Infiltration
Ø Water table
Ø Aquifers
- · Rivers and stream
CLEAN AIR LEGISLATION
- · Clean act of 1963
- · Amendments of 1970
- · Amendments of 1990
WATER RESOURCES
- · Hydrologic cycle
- · Evaporation/Sublimation
- · Saturation
- · Relative humidity
- · Condensation
- · Dew point
RAINFALL & TOPOGRAPHY
· Rain shadow
· Desert bells
· Balancing the water budget
MAJOR WATER COMPONENT
- · Oceans
- · Glaciers, Ice and Snow
- · Ground water
Ø Infiltration
Ø Water table
Ø Aquifers
- · Rivers and Stream
INCREASING WATER SUPPLIES
- · Seedings & Clouds & Icebergs
- · Desalination
WATER MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION
- · Watershed management
- · Domestic conservation
- · Industrial and agricultural conservation
- · Price mechanisms
WATER POLLUTION
- · Point sources
- · Non-point source
TYPES & EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
- · Infectious Agents
- · Oxygen – Demanding wastes
- · Plant nutrients & Cultural Eutrophication
- · Toxic Inorganic materials
WASTE STREAM
- · Paper – 38%
- · Yard waste – 17%
- · Metals – 8%
- · Plastics – 8%
WASTE – DISPOSAL METHODS
- · Open dumps
- · Ocean dumpings
- · Landwills
- · Export waste
REDUCING THE WASTESTREAM
- · Recycling
- · Compositing
- · Energy from waste
- DERIN J TOM
10621A1238
2nd year IT
HELLO SIR,
AIR,CLIMATE AND WEATHER
Ø THE ATMOSPHERE, COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
o Gas mixture
o Layered envelope
· troposphere
· Stratosphere
· Mesosphere
· Thermosphere
· Ionosphere
Ø WEATHER ENGINE
o Solar radiation/heat
· Albedo(reflectivity)
· “greenhouse effect”
o Convection currents
· Water vapour
Ø WEATHER
o Energy balance in the atmosphere
o Convection cells
o Jet streams
o Frontal weather
· Cold and warm fronts
o Cyclonic storms
· Hurricanes and tornadoes
o Seasonal winds
· Monsoon
o Weather modifications
Ø CLIMATE
o Climatic catastrophes
· Ice ages
o Driving forces and pattern in climatic changes
Ø HUMAN CAUSED GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
o Greenhouse gases
· Carbon dioxide
· Aerosols
o Sources
· Burning fossil fuels
· Industrial processes
· Deforestation
· Agriculture
Ø EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
o Temperature changes
o Impact on plants and animals
o Melting ice packs
o Possible increase of disease
o Rising sea levels impacting coastlines
Ø CUTTING EMISSIONS
o United nations “earth summit”
o Kyoto protocol
o Developing nations
o Developed nations
AIR POLLUTION
Ø NATURAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
o Volcanoes
o Emission from vegetation
Ø HUMAN-CAUSED AIR POLLUTION
Ø CONVENTIONAL OR “CRITERIA” POLLUTANTS
o Carbon oxides
Ø CLIMATE,TOPOGRAPHY AND ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
o Inversions
o Dust domes and heat islands
Ø EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
o Human health
· Bronchitis
· Emphysema
o Plant pathology
Ø AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
o Nitrogen oxide control
o Hydrocarbon controls
o Sulphur removal
Ø CLEAN AIR LOGISLATION
o Clean air act of 1963
o Amendments act of 1970
o Amendments act of 1990
· Acid rain
· Ozone protection
· Urban smog
o EPA
WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
Ø WATER RESOURCES
o Hydrologic cycle
o Rainfall and topography
o Desert belts
Ø MAJOR WATER COMPARTMENTS
o Oceans
o Glaciers,ice and snow
o Ground water
o Rivers and streams
o Wetlands
o The atmosphere
o Lakes and ponds
Ø WATER AVAILABILITY AND USE
o Water supplies
Ø FRESH WATER SHORTAGES
o A scarce resources
o Depleting ground water
Ø INCREASING WATER SUPPLIES
o Desalinations
o Environmental costs
o Dams, reservoirs and canals
Ø WATER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
o Watershed management
o Domestic conservation
o Price mechanisms
Ø WATER POLLUTION
o Point sources
o Non-point sources
o Atmospheric deposition
Ø TYPES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
o Sediments
o Thermal pollution
o Infectious agents
o Organic chemicals
Ø WATER QUALITY TODAY
o Surface water in US and Canada
o Surface water in other countries
o Ocean pollution
Ø WATER LEGISLATION
o Clean water act
o Clean water act reauthorization
SOLID, TOXIC AND HAZARDEOUS WASTE
Ø SOLID WASTE
o Waste stream
· Paper,38%
· Metals,8%
· Plastics,8%
· Glass,7%
· Food,7%
· Yard waste,17%
· Miscellaneous,14%
Ø WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
o Open dumps
o Ocean dumping
o Land fills
o Export waste
Ø REDUCING THE WASTE STREAM
o Recycling
o Comporting
o Energy from waste
o Reuse
Ø URBANIZATION
· Rural area
· Urban area
· Village area
· City
· Megacity
· Core region
o World urbanization
Ø INDIVIDUAL ACCOUTABILITY
o Shopping for green products
o Limits of green consumerism
o Blue angels and green areas
o Paying attention to what’s important
From
K.RAJYA LAKSHMI
10621A1222(IT-2)
Biodiversity
"biodiversity" simply means diversity, or variety of, plants and animals and other living things in particular area or region.
Importance of biodiversity:
Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of web of life including humans. Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place on the earth and plays a vital role on earth in the circle of life. plants ,animals and insect interact and depend upon one another for what each offers such as food ,shelter and oxygen.
Benefits of biodiversity:
v Food
v Drugs
v Medicine
v Ecological benefits
v Aesthetic and cultural benefits
Threats to biodiversity:
v Extinction
v Natural causes
v Mass extinction
Human caused reduction in biodiversity:
v Habitat destruction
v Hunting and fishing
v Commercial production and live specimen
v Predator and pest control
v Exotic species
v Disease
v Pollution
Biodiversity protection:
v Hunting and fishing laws
v Endangered species act
v Recovery plans
v Private land and critical habitat
v Habitat protection
v International wild life treaties
v Zoo's
v Botanical gardens
KEERTHI, IT-2
soil resources
Soil is thin material on earth's surface in which plants have their roots. It is made up of many things , such as weathered rock and decayed plants and animal matter. soil is formed over a long period of time.
Soil formation takes place when many things interact, such as air, water, plant life, animal life rocks and chemicals.
· Soil, a renewable resource
· Soil consumption
Humus
· Soil organism
· Soil profiles
Top soil
Sub soil
Parent material
Bed rock
Soil formation:
The formation soil happen over a long period of time. It can take 1000 years or more. soil is formed from weathering of rocks and minerals. the surface rock break down into smaller pieces through a process of weathering and is then mixed with moss and organic matter. over time this creates a thin layer of soil.
Soil composition:
soils are mixture of different things ;rocks, minerals and dead, decaying, plants and animals. soil can be very different from one place to another ,but generally consists of organic and inorganic materials, water and air. the inorganic material are rocks that have been broken down into smaller pieces. the size of pieces varies. it may appear as pebbles ,gravels ,or as small as particle of decaying living matter. This could be plants or animals that have died and decay until they become apart of the soil.
Soil profile:
Soil profile refers to layers of soil; horizon A, B ,C. horizon A refers to the upper layer of soil, nearest the surface. It is commonly known as top soil. In the woods or other areas
That have plowed or tilled, this layer would probably include organic litter such as fallen leaves and twigs. The litter helps prevent erosion , holds moisture, and decay to form a very rich soil known as humus. Horizon A provides plants with nutrients they need for a great life.
The layer below horizon A, is horizon B. litter is not present in horizon B and therefore there is much less humus. Horizon B does contain some from horizon A because of the process leaching .leaching may also bring some minerals from horizon B down to horizon C. It consists mostly weatherized big rocks.
Soil types:
Sand , slit and clay are the basic types of soil. Most soils are up of three combinations. The texture of the soil,how it looks and feels,depends upon the amount of each one in that particular soil.
Soil conservation:
Soil erosion caused by wind and rain, can change land by wearing down mountains, creating valleys, making rivers appear and disappear. It is a slow and gradual process that takes thousands, even millions of years. But erosion may be speeded up greatly by human activities such as farming and mining. soil develops very slowly over a long period of time but can lost too quickly. The clearing of land for farming ,residential and commercial use can quickly destroy soil. It speeds up the process of erosion by leaving soil exposed and also prevent development of new soil by removing plants and animals that help build humus.
· Managing topography
· Contour plowing
· Strip farming
· Tied ridges
· terracing
KEERTHI, IT-2
Hello sir…today’s discussion is on the following:
SOIL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:-
SOIL:-
Ø It is a renewable resource
Ø Soil composition
o Humus
Ø Soil organisms
Ø Soil profiles
o Top soil
o Sub soil
o Parent material
USE AND ABUSE OF SOIL
Ø Land resources
Ø Land degradation
EROSION
Ø TYPES OF EROSION
o Sheet erosion
o Rill erosion
o Stream bank erosion
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
Ø Water
Ø Fertilizer
Ø Energy
Ø Climate
Ø Crop diversity
SOIL CONSERVATION
Ø Managing topography
o Contour ploughing
o Strip-farming
Ex:- in Goa
o Tried ridges
o Terracing
Ø Providing ground cover
o Cover crops
o Mulch
Ø Reduced tillage systems
PEST AND PESTICIDES
Ø Biological pests
o Insects
o Large animals
Ø Botanical pests
o Weeds
Ø Pesticides
o Insecticides
Ø Herbicides
o Fungicides
PEST CONTROLS
Ø Early controls
o Botanical
o Chemical
Ø Modern controls
o DDT
o Synthetic chemical
PESTICIDE TYPES
Ø Microbial agents
Ø Carbamates
Ø Fumigants
Ø Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Ø Organophosphates
PESTICIDE BENEFITS
Ø Disease control
Ø Increased crop production
Ø Crop protection
PESTICIDE PROBLEMS
Ø Human health problems
Ø Creation of new pests
Ø Pesticide resistance/pest resurgence
Ø Effects on non-target species
Ø Persistence and mobility in environment
ALTERNATIVE PESTICIDE USES
Ø Crop rotation
Ø Herbivorous insects
Ø Genetic insects
Ø Biological control
o Pathogens
REDUCING PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
Ø Regulation
o EPA
o USDA
Ø Personal safety
BIODIVERSITY-BENEFITS
Ø Food
Ø Drugs
Ø Medicine
Ø Ecological benefits
Ø Aesthetic and cultural benefits
THREATS TO BENEFITS
Ø Extinction
Ø Natural causes
Ø Mass extinction
HUMAN-CAUSED REDUCTION IN BIODIVERSITY
Ø Pollution
Ø Disease
Ø Genetic assimilation
Ø Predator and pest control
Ø Exotic species introductions
Ø Hunting and fishing
Ø Habitat destruction
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
Ø Hunting and fishing laws
Ø Zoos
Ø Botanical gardens
Ø Captive breeding programs
Ø Habitat protection
Ø Recovery plans
Ø Minimum viable population….
FROM
K.RAJYA LAKSHMI
(IT-2)
13-mar-2012
EPA : stands for "Environmental Protection Agency"
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon submitted a reorganization plan to Congressand it was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate.
USDA: stands for “United States Department of Agriculture”
The United States Department of Agriculture (informally the Agriculture Department or USDA) is the United States federal executive departmentresponsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy onfarming, agriculture, and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protectnatural resources,VISHNU
IT2
13th MARCH,2012.
TUESDAY.
1. EPA /USEPA: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of
The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon.
2. USDA: The United States Department of Agriculture is the US federal executive department responsible for developing and executing policy on farming, agriculture and food.
Benefits of pesticides
· Increased production
· Disease control
· Crop protection
Problems of pesticides
· Effects on non-target species
· Pesticide resistance/pest resurgance
· Creation of new pests
· Health problems
Alternative
· Crop rotation
· Biological controls
-predatory insects
-pathogens
· Herbivorous insects
· Genetic and bio-engineering
BIODIVERSITY
BENEFITS
Ø Aesthetic and cultural benefits
Ø Ecological benefits
Ø Food
Ø Medicine
Ø Drugs
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Ø Extinction
Ø Natural causes
Ø Mass extinction
HUMAN CAUSED THREATS
Ø Habitat destruction
Ø Hunting and fishing
Ø Predator and pest control
Ø Exotic species introduction
Ø Genetic assimilation
Ø Pollution
PROTECTION
Ø Hunting and fishing laws
Ø Endangered species act
Ø Recovery plans
Ø Zoos
Ø Habitat protection
Ø Botanical gardens
Ø Captive breeding programming
R. NAVYA VARSHINI.
IT-2
Hello sir….The following are some of the points which are discussed on 12-03-2012 i.e on Monday’s lecture..
ES-ASPECTS:
Ø Environment
Ø Environmental Science
Ø History of Environmental Science
o Utilitarian conservation
o Altruistic preservation
CURRENT CONDITIONS:
Ø Environmental Planet Earth
Ø Dilemmas
o Population
o Food storages
o Energy
o Pollution
A DIVIDED WORLD:
Ø Rich vs poor
Ø North vs south
Ø Developed countries vs underdeveloped countries
o Under developed countries-30% are people and 70% are resources
o Under underdeveloped countries-30% are resources and 70% are people
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
Ø Human development index
Ø Development discrepancies
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY:
Ø Universal ethical principles
o Relativists
o Nihilists
o Utilitarian
Ø Modernism and postmodernism
VALUES, RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS:
Ø Morals
Ø Animal rights
Ø Inherit value
Ø Instrumental value
WORLD VIEWS AND ETHICAL PERPECTIVES:
Ø Dominations
Ø Stewardship
Ø Biocentrism
Ø Ecofeminism
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE:
Ø Environmental racism
Ø Toxic colonialism
SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWLEDGE:
Ø Scientific method
Ø Hypothesis testing
Ø Indirect scientific evidence
Ø Technology
GROWTH TO STABLE POPULATION:
Ø Logistic growth
Ø Environmental resistance
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION:
Ø Natality, fecundity and fertility
Ø Immigration natural
Ø Mortality and survivorship
Ø Age structure
Ø Emigration
Ø Education
HUMAN DEMOGRAPHY:
Ø Fertility
Ø Birth rate
Ø Zero population growth
Ø Mortality and death rates
Ø Emigration and immigration
Ø Life span and life dependency
POPULATION, TECHNOLOGY AND SCARITY:
Ø Economic models
Ø Market efficiencies
Ø Increasing environment carrying capacity
POPULATION GROWTH-OPPOSITION:
Ø Social pressures
Ø Birth reduction pressures
o Education
o Birth control
o Economics
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH AND FERTILITY RATES:
Ø Religious beliefs, tradition and culture
Ø Birth control
Ø Availability pension
Ø Infant mortality rate
Ø Education and employment oppurtunities
Ø Urbanization
Ø Importance of children to family labour force
Ø Education
TOXIC CHEMICALS:
Ø Irritants
Ø Allergens
Ø Mutagens
Ø Teratogens
HUMAN NUTRITION:
Ø Energy needs
Ø Nutritional needs
FOOD WORLD RESOURCES:
Ø Major crops
o Wheat
o Rice
o Corn
o Potatoes
Ø Meat and milk
Ø Crop lands
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS:
Ø Food supplies
Ø Food subsidies
Ø Agricultural aid
Ø International food trade
Ø Cash crops
INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION:
Ø Green resolution
Ø New food services
Ø Blue revolution
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:
Ø Women right
Ø Infant mortality
Ø Social justice view
Ø Optimistic view
NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING:
Ø GNP(gross national product)
Ø HDI(human development index)
Ø Non-market values
Ø Cost/benefit ratios
Ø Green business
Ø Jobs and environment
HEALTH HAZARDS:
Ø Infectious diseases
Ø Respiratory diseases
o Pneumonia
o Influenza
o Whooping cough…….
FROM
K.RAJYA LAKSHMI
10621A1222
IT-2
12th March, 2012. MONDAY
1. Fecundity, refers to the ability to reproduce.
2. Fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population.
1.Natality in Population Ecology is the scientific term for birth rate. Along with mortality rate, natality rate is used to calculate the dynamics of a population.
1.Fertility is the natural capability of producing offsprings.
2. As a measure, "fertility rate" is the number of children born per couple, person or population.
Environmental Aspects
· Environment
· Environmental science
· History
- Utilitarian conservation.
- Altruistic preservation.
Current Conditions
· Planet earth
· Environmental dilemmas
· Population
· Food shortages
· Energy
· Pollution
Development Discrepancies
- Basic social services
· Education
· Health care
-Agrarian reform
-Employement
-Civil rights
-Sustainable resources use
World views and Ethical perspectives
· Domination
· Stewardship
· Biocentrism
· Eco-feminism
Environmental justice
· Environmental racism
· Toxic colonialism
· Is nature fragile or resilient?
Factors affecting population
· Natality, fecundity and fertility
· Immigration
· Mortality and survivorship
· Age structure
· Emigration
· Education
Factors affecting birth and fertility rate
· Religious beliefs, tradition and culture
· Birth control
· Average marriage age
· Infant mortality rate
solution
· Controlling methods
· Empowering women
· Economic rewards
Human demography
· Fertility
· Birth rate
· Zero population growth
· Emigration and immigration
· Mortality and death rate
· Life span and life expectancy
Natural resources accounting
· Green business
· Gross national product
· Human Development Index
· Non-market values
Increasing food production
· Green revolution
· New food resources
· Blue revolution
Agriculture economics
· Food supplies
· Food subsidies
· Agricultural aid
· International food trade
· Cash crops.
R. NAVYA VARSHINI/IT-2
Natality:
Natality in Population Ecology is the scientific term for birth rate. Natality rate is used to calculate the dynamics of a population.The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year.
Fecundity:
Fecundity, derived from the word fecund, generally refers to the ability to reproduce. In demography,[1][2] fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population. In biology, the definition is more equivalent to fertility, or the actual reproductive rate of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules.
Fertility:
Fertility is the natural capability of producing offspring’s. As a measure, "fertility rate" is the number of children born per couple, person or population. Fertility differs from fecundity, which is defined as the potential for reproduction
Gonella Gayathri
IT-2
==========================
ES – ASPECTS
Ø Environment
Ø Environmental Science
Ø History of Environment Science
· Utilitarian conservation
· Altruistic preservation
CURRENT CONDITIONS
Ø Planet Earth
Ø Environmental Dilemmas
· Population
· Food shortages
· Energy
· Pollution
DIVIDED WORLD
1. Rich Vs Poor
2. North Vs South
3. Developed countries Vs Underdeveloped countries
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Ø Human development Index
Ø Development discrepancies
· Basic social services
Ø Education
Ø Health Care
· Agragrian reform
· Employment
· Civil Rights
· Sustainable Resource Use
Ø Sustainable Development
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY
Ø Universal Ethical Principles
· Relativists
· Nihilists
· Utilitarians
Ø Modernization and Post- Modernism
VALUES, RIGHTS & PRINCIPLES
Ø Morals
Ø Animal Rights
Ø Inherent Value
Ø Instrumental Value
WORLD-VIEWS AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES
Ø Domination
Ø Stewardship
Ø Biocentrism
Ø Ecofeminism
GROWTH TO A STABLE POPULATION
Ø Logistic growth
Ø Environmental Resistance
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION
Ø Natality,Fecundity, Fertility
Ø Immigration
Ø Mortality and Survivorship
Ø Age Structure
Ø Emmigration
Ø Education
FACTORS EFFECTING BIRTH AND FERTILITY RATES
Ø Education/ Affluence
Ø Importance of children to family labor force
Ø Urbanization
Ø Cost raising and educating children
Ø Education & Employment opportunity - woman
Ø Infant mortality rate
Ø Average marriage age
Ø Availability pension
Ø Birth controls
FACTORS AFFECTING DEATH RATE
Ø Nutrition
Ø Health and Technology
Demographic Transition
· Infant mortality
· Women rights
· Optimistic view
BIRTH CONTROL
Ø Gross National Product (GNP)
Ø Human Development Index
Ø Non-market value
Ø Green business
Ø Jobs & environments
Derin J Tom
2- IT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Good Evening sir,
this Nikhil kumar from IT-2,
By listening to today's class i came to know how many types of chemical reactions takes place in air surrounding us.
today's class was started with Environmental Aspect
this environmental aspect consists of how conservation and preservation is done
- utilitarian conservation: this tell's how to utilise the things that are present with us.
- altruistic preservation:this tell's us how to preserve the things.
A Divided world
· Rich vs poor.
· Developed countries vs undeveloped countries.
· In this world developed countries people has 70% resources and they are used only by 30% of the people.
· In undeveloped countries people has only 30% resources and those resources are used by 70% of the people.
Human development
· Human development index.
· Development discrepancies.
Ø Basic social services.
Ø Education.
Ø Health care.
Ø Agrarian reform.
Ø Employment.
Ø Civil rights.
Ø Sustanable resources use.
Ø Susatnable development.
World views and ethical perspectives
· Domination.
· Stewardship(i.e supporting people).
· Biocentrism.
· Ecofeminism.
Environmental justice
· Environmental racism.
· Toxic colonialism.
Science as a way of knowing
· Scientific method.
· Hypothesis testing.
· Indirect scientific.
Factors affecting population
· Natality, Fecundity, fertility.
· Immigration: moving from one place to another place.
· Mortality and survivorship
· Age structure.
· Emigration.
· Education.
Factors affecting death rates
· Nutrition.
· Fewer infant deaths.
· Health and technology.
Health hazards
· Infectious diseases.
· Respirations.
· Pneumonia.
· Tuberculosis.
· Influenza.
-----------------------------------------------------Nikhil Kumar / IT-2--------------------------------
120216
Hi sir
I am vishnu it -2,i have sent you the email please check it sir.
The class started with what is eco system
Understanding the way natural ecosystems functions
Natural resources = substances and energy sources needed for survival.
These natural resources are of two types
1.Renewable resources and
2.Non Renewable resources
1.Renewable resources:which are permanently available sunlight,wind,wave energy.
Renewable themselves over short periods
timber,water,soil.
2.Non renewable resources:these can be depleted.
oil,coal,minerals.
Increasingly destructive
· The way human populations disrupt the functioning of ecosystem which leads to environmental problems
· propose and evaluate solutions to current envionmental dilemmas
· we have studied more about environment
· human beings are producing more than they need
· how the animals and human beings are related to each other and also to environment
· enactment-make a rule that is implemented
· -enactment is one of the environmental laws
· we must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment
· our energy choices will affect our future
· -the lives we live today are due to fossil fuels
· what we experience is called science
· science is essential to develop solutions to problems we face
· ecological footprint-understands the balance of ecologies
· we are using 30% more of the planet's resources than are available on a sustainable basis!
· global human population growth
· NATURAL RESOURCES-substances and energy sources needed for survival
· natural resources plays a vital role for human survival
One more main problem is Overshoot. Environmental science is not Environmentalism. science is an Experienc. We need not know how is it work.
There are two types of science
· Experimental science
· Science is essential
· to sort fact from fiction
· develop solutions to the problems we face.
· The scientific method.
· Research is nothing but philosophy.
· A technique for testing ideas with observations.
· Assumptions.
· is part of a larger process.
· Population and consumption.
· Ecological footprints are not all equal.
· The U.S footprint is almost 5 times greater than the world’s average.
· We face challenges in agriculture.
· Expand food production.
· Tt is one of humanity’s greatest achievements,but at an enormous environmental cost.
· We face challenges in pollution
· We face challenges in climate.
· The earth’s surface is warming
· Melting glaciers
· Rising sea level
· Impacted wild life and crops.
· Increasingly destructive weather.
a) We face challenges in biodiversity
b) We do not use renewable sources because,
c) There is lot of initial investment.
d) There are no maintainance Engineers.
· Things are getting better.
i) The “ecological footprint”
ii) there should be Ecological balance.
iii) One more main problem is Overshoot.
iv) Environmental science is not Environmentalism.
v) science is an Experience.
vi) We need not know how is it work.
vii) There are two types of science
viii) Experimental science
ix) Experienciable science
· Science is essential
i) to sort fact from fiction
· develop solutions to the problems we face.
· The scientific method. Research is nothing but philosophy.
· A technique for testing ideas with observations.
· Assumptions.
· The scientific process is part of a larger process.
· Population and consumption.
· Ecological footprints are not all equal.
(1) The U.S footprint is almost 5 times greater than the world’s average.
· We face challenges in agriculture.
· Expand food production.
· Tt is one of humanity’s greatest achievements,but at an enormous environmental cost.
· We face challenges in pollution
· We face challenges in climate.
· The earth’s surface is warming
· Melting glaciers
· Rising sea level
· Impacted wild life and crops.
· Increasingly destructive
VISHNU TAMMI
ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the living organisms or biotic components ,in a particular area,and the nonliving or abiotic component,with which the organisms interact,such as air,soil,water and sunlight.
Main Ecosystem
· Desert
· Rainforest
· Ocean
ABIOTIC
Abiotic factors are essentially non-living components that effect the living organisms of fresh water commumities.
BIOTIC
Biotic describes a living component of a community
Example:organisms,such as plants and animals.
TYPES OF ENERGY
· Heat energy
· Mechanical energy(gravitational energy)
· Chemical energy(energy stored in molecular bonds)
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
The way in which plants and animals grow and carry out their different activites is a several abiotic factors.These factors are light,temperature,water,atmosphere gases,wind as well as soil and physiographic factors.
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem.a biotic factor is any living component that affect another organism,including animals that consume the organism in question,and the living food that the organism consumes.each biotic factor needs energy to do work and food for proper growth.
Biotic components usually include:
· Producers,i.e autotrophs:e.g plants;they convert the energy(from the sun,or other sources such as hydrothermal vents) into food.
· Consumers,i.e heterotrophs:e.g animals;they depend upon producers for food.
· Decomposers,i.e detritivores:e.g fungi and bacteria;they break down chemicals from producers and consumers into simpler form which can be reused.
HERBIVORES:only eat vegetables for example elephants are herbivores.
CARNIVORES:only eat meat for example tigers are carnivores
OMNIVORES:omnivores eat both meat and plants for example dogs are omnivores.
SPECIALIZED HERBIVORES
Granivores-seed-eat
Frugivores-fruit-eat
Keerthi.
IT-2
hello sir. i am sankeeth of 2nd IT. i hav sent you the mail of ecosystems. sir do check it and m waiting for your reply. thank you sir
Sir I am sankeeth of 2nd IT
As today we discussed about ecosystems..
Ecosystem is an ecological system or an ecological community..
Mainly ecosystem consists of
§ Deserts
§ Rainforests
§ Taiga
§ Tundra
§ Chaparrel
§ Grassland
§ Temperate forest
Ø An ecosystem can be as large as sahara desert or as small as puddle.
Ø Ecosystems are more than just organisms that contain geography, weather, climate.
The ecosystems depends on 2 factors. They are:
- geological factors
- abiotic factors
here, when we come across the word abiotic , the meaning of it is a non living factor of an environment and it is the exactly opposite of biotic. Here biotic refers to a living factor.
Ø Adaptations : example of adaptations are chameleon and polar bear.
Ø Types of energy: 3 types of energy. They are.:
· Heat energy
· Mechanical energy
· Chemical energy
Ø Transformations of energy:
· Solar energy
· Inorganic compounds
· Organic compounds
-Biotic as we know it an living factor. It can be further classified into 2. they are:
· Autotrophs: autotrophs are the one which prepare food by themselves.
· Heterotrophs: heterotrophs are the one which depend on the producers. heterotrophs are also divided into 2 types. They are:
1) consumers
2) decomposers
- we also came across the hydrothermal vents, here hydrothermal vents are the one which live beneath the sea and prepare the food by receiving sunlight.
- Laws of thermodynamics: there are 3 laws of thermodynamics
- Specialized herbs:
· Granivores – which eats only seeds
· Frugivores- which eat only fruits
- There are also carnivores and omnivores. Carnivores are the one which eat only animals whereas the omnivores eat both plant and animals. We human beings come under the category of omnivores.
- Again the carnivores are further divided into 4 types:
· Quartenary(it is considered as the top)
· Teritiary
· Primary
· Secondary
From
C. Sankeeeth kumar
The following are some of the points which were discussed in today's lecture:
Today's discussion was mainly about Ecosystem.
An ecosystem is a system of living things that interact with each other & with the physical world around them.
The following are the main types of Ecosystems:
- Desert
- Rain Forest
- Ocean
- Taiga
- Tundra
- Chaparral
- Grassland
- Temperate Forest
Ecosystems are more than just the organisms they contain. Geography, weather, climate & geologic factors also influence the interactions within an ecosystem.
An ecosystem basically contains two factors which influence it. They are:
- Abiotic Factors: Oxygen, Water e.t.c
- Biotic Factors: Fungi, Algae, Plants e.t.c
Balance is an important factor in an ecosystem. An ecosystem may even fail if the balance has been lost between biotic & abiotic factors. To maintain the ecosystem balanced, everything in it such as trees, plants e.t.c should be allowed to maintain balance.
Ecosystem is composed of organisms & physical environment of a specified area.
The following are the attributes of an ecosystem:
- Order
- Development
- Metabolism
- Material Cycles
- Response to environment
- Porous Boundaries
Energy flow in ecosystems at various levels has been discussed.
Transformations of energy:
The transformations of energy from solar radiation to chemical energy & mechanical energy & finally back to heat energy is a traditional topic of ecology.
An ecosystem basically many constituent components such as:
- Abiotic components: Such as solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystem.
- Inorganic components: Such as sulfur, boron tend to cycle through ecosystems.
- Organic components: Such as proteins e.t.c
- Biotic components: Biotic components of an ecosystem can be classified according to their usage of sunlight as Aotutrops(Which can produce food directly by using sunlight) & Heterotrops(Which cant produce food directly by using sunlight & depend on other organisms for food).
Laws of Thermodynamics have been discussed in accordance with the ecosystems.
Some the frequently used terms have some alternate terminology as follows:
Producers - Plants
Herbivores - Plant eaters
Carnivores - Meat eaters
Omnivores - Both plant & meat eaters
Specialized herbivores:
Granivores - Seed eaters
Frugivores - Fruit eaters
The food chain is a very complicate web. Even the balance in food chain should be maintained for the ecosystem to be balanced.
Biomass is biological material from living, or recently living organisms excluding water.
As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as bio-fuel & can be reused.
The following are some of the topics which have been discussed in brief due to certain constrains:
- Energy transfer among tropic levels
- Biomass
- Primary productivity(Gross Primary Production & Net Primary Production)
- Ecological pyramid
- Pyramid of energy
- Pyramid of standing crop
- Reverse pyramids
The main aim of the whole discussion was to understand the total ecosystem in a better way.
--
LEO J@N@$W@MY P#@N!TEJ@
Ecosystem
· System is a group of independent but interrelated elements, which means that everything seems to be independent but are linked such a way that once we find the relation then for sure we all will become environmentalist.
· Biotic components are living things which affect other organisms.
Examples are autotrophs like plants they convert the energy (from the sun, or other sources) into food.
· Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment
Examples are light or more generally radiation, temperature.
· Granivores are those animals which feed only on seeds
· Frugivores are those which feeds on only fruit
Environment Balance
· The rule of the nature is that the “Stronger lives and weak one struggles to survive”.
· This may be very much hard to digest at first but that how the eco-system works.
· No animal population should be increased or decreased as it disturbs the whole cycle the eco-system.
· Humans as of now are the most populous creatures on the earth, which is leading to a severe crisis and if humans have to balance the eco-system is only one way i.e. if we can’t build a environment at least try not to break the imbalance by being “satisfied with ourselves”.
-g.v.s.gayathri
2IT
10621a1217
Hello sir…today we have discussed about
· Ecosystem: System of living things that interact with each other and with physical world.
· Biome: collection of related ecosystems.
· Main Ecosystem comprises:
§ Desert
§ Rainforest
§ Ocean
§ Tundra
§ Taiga
§ Chaparral
§ Grassland
§ Temperate forest
· Ecosystem can be as large as the Sahara desert or as small as a puddle.
· Biotic factors: living physical factors of environment.
· Abiotic factors : non- living physical factors of environment.
· Abiotic factors include amount of water, oxygen, temperature , amount of sunlight and water pressure.
· System: Regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole.
· Attributes of ecosystem:
§ Development
§ Metabolism
§ Material cycles
§ Order
§ Response to environment
§ Porous boundaries
· Ecosystem emphasis on functions not on species.
· Types of energy:
§ Heat energy
§ Mechanical energy
§ Chemical energy
· Abiotic components:-
§ Organic compounds-ex: -proteins ,carbohydrates ,lipids and other complex molecules.
§ Inorganic compounds-ex:-sulphur ,boron etc.
§ Solar energy -provides practically all the energy of ecosystem.
· Biotic components are divided into two types:
§ Autotrophs-can prepare food on their own, they are c called primary producers. ex:-grass
§ Heterotrophs-cannot produce food directly.
§ Creatures are classified into three types depending upon the type of food they take:
§ Herbivorus -plant eaters.
§ Carnivorus-animal eaters.
§ Omnivorus-eats both plants and animals.
· Specialised Herbivorus:
§ Granivorus-seed eaters
§ Frugivores-fruit eaters
· Problems:-
§ Too simplistic
§ No detritivores
§ Chains too long
· Biomass: the dry mass of organic material in the organisms..
K.Rajyalakshmi
IT-2
Topics discussed on
16th Feb,12 –Thursday.
ECO-SYSTEMS
Ø Main eco- system comprises:
· Desert
· Rain forest
· Ocean
· Taiga
· Tundra
· Chaparel
· Grassland
· Temperate forest.
Ø Eco-system is mainly affected by 2 factors. They are:
1) Biotic factors
2) Abiotic factors
Ø Biotic Factors are the ‘living pysical factors.’
Ex: parasitism, predation.
Ø Abiotic factors are the ‘non-living physical factors.’
Ex:Temperature, Atmosphere, sunlight, oxygen, etc.,
Ø Biotic factors can be divided into :
1. Autotrophs: those that prepare their food on their own using Natural Resources.[PRIMARY PRODUCERS]
2. Heterotrophs: those that dapend on autotrophs for their food.
Ø Autotrophs can be:
· photo autotrophs: those that depend on light.
· Chemo autotrophs:those that prepare depending on chemicals.
· Hydro autotrophs: those that depend on water.
Ø Abiotic factors can be categorized as:
a. Inorganic :boron, sulphur.
b. Organic: protiens, lipids, carbohydrates.
c. Solar energy.
o ECO-SYSTEM FAILS DUE TO IMBALANCE.
Ø System: it is regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole.
Ø ATTRIBUTES OF ECO-SYSTEM:
· Order
· Metabolism
· Material cycles
· Porous boundaries
· Development
Ø TYPES OF ENERGY
· Heat energy
· Mechanical energy
· Chemical energy
Ø Depending on the food taken, creatures can de broadly divided into
§ Herbivores : eats only herbs.
Ex: rabbit, deer.
§ Carnivores : eats other living beings.
Ex: eagle, snake.
§ Omnivores : eats both .
Ex: dog, cat
Ø Harbivores can be :
Frugivores – that eats only fruits.
Granivores- that eats only seeds.
Ø Bio mass: it is the dry mass of organic matter of an organism.
Respected sir,
thanks for your reply. we are really enjoying
your class alot sir.
do u remember coming to aurora for giving guest lecture when we were
in first year? i am a fan(may be, not the correct word) of you from
that time onwards sir. because, people can be spiritual or scientific.
but, you are both. i was afraid to tell this to you sir and in my
previous mail too, i was very formal. but, after your reply, i felt i
can tell this to you. and listening to your class is the best thing
we ever had. it was informative at the same time, interesting. thank
you so much sir... and can we clarify some of doubts regarding space
with you sir?
and i have attatched a document of what you have taught
today. kindly check it out.
thankyou sir,
yours sincerely,
R.NAVYA VARSHINI (IT2),
120215
Good evening sir,
I am DERIN from IT second year….
Sir,
Today is a historical day for me … because, for the first time in
my life I concentrated well and listened to a whole lecture … ( in
your class)…
in the beginning of the class, as I forgot my spectacles I thought I
could not go through the class well.. I didn’t want to look at the
presentation slides on the screen because I knew straining my eyes
will increase my eyesight…. I didn’t want to take a risk. So, I
thought of copying some important points from my friend TEJA who was
sitting beside me during the whole session of class. I copied some
points from his notes.. but my curiosity to hear your class forced me
to stop writing and I started listening to your class…. The way you
taught us in the class was very different sir… your examples from
different areas of studies helped me to understand the topics much
better….. besides that, the class also helped me to solve some of my
doubts on environment myself…
in today’s class I learned…
1. The environment encompasses all living and non-living things
occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an
environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species.
2. Controlling Nature is not in our hands…
3. Understanding the way the natural ecosystem functions.
Yes sir, controlling nature is not in our hands... sun always rises in
the east.. we can’t change it.. because we can’t change the nature… it
is not in our hands.. we should instead better understand things
happening around us and try to make some small changes which will
bring good to our environment and us..
4. We depend completely on environment for survival…
We depend completely on environment, yet we try all the possibilities
to destroy it… here, we are actually changing the environment sir…
5. Substances and energy sources are needed for survival.
6. What we experience in our daily life is called Science.
7. Anything we do which are useful for the people are also called science.
8. We face challenges in agriculture.
9. We face challenges in climate
10. We are changing the atmosphere.
11. Public transport helps a country to develop the country..
12. Over population is always a problem.
13. Over population is also one of the factors which cause pollution.
14. Degradable and non-degradable are the types of pollution.
15. Scientific process is part of a large process.
These are the points which I learned in your class today sir…
I feel we are so lucky to have you in our class sir…
Thank you sir…
DERIN, IT-2
The following are some of the points which were discussed in today's lecture:
The general objectives of today's lecture were
- To understand the way natural ecosystems function.
- Appreciate the way in which human population disrupt the functioning of the natural ecosystem & thus cause environment problems.
- Propose & Evaluate solutions to current environmental dilemmas.
Environment comprises of all the things around us with which we interact:
- Living things : Animals, plants, forests, fungi e.t.c
- Non-Living things : Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks e.t.c
- Our built environment : Buildings, human-created living centers e.t.c
The difference between Earth & World is:
- Earth means only our planet without anything included in it.
- World means our earth along with all the living & non-living things included in it.
How humans affect the environment:
- Humans change the environment, in ways not fully understood.
- We depend completely on the environment for survival:
- But, natural systems have been degraded i.e; Pollution, erosion & species extinction.
- Environmental changes threaten long-term health & survival.
Environmental science is study of:
- How the natural world works.
- How the environment affects humans & vice-versa.
Natural resources are substances & energy sources needed for survival. These are basically of 2 types. They are:
- Renewable resources:
- Renew themselves over short periods: Timber, water, soil e.t.c
Environmental science is an Inter-disciplinary study of humans relationship with other living & non-living organisms.
It is inter-disciplinary because to study about environment, we need to have sound knowledge in may fields: Like Ecology, biology, chemistry, physics, anthropology, politics e.t.c
The Ecological Footprint is the environmental impact of a person or population:
- Amount of biological productive land + water.
- For raw materials & to dispose/recycle water.
We are using 30% more of the planets resources than are available on a sustainable basis!
Environmental science is not Environmentalism!
Science:
- A systematic process for learning about the world & testing our understanding of it.
- A process of observation, testing & discovery.
- The accumulated body of knowledge that results from this process.
Science is essential:
-To sort fact from fiction.
- Develop solutions to the problems we face.
Experiments test the validity of a hypothesis which is very important for a research.
- Manipulative experiments yield the strongest evidence. But, lots of things cant be manipulated.
- Natural or co-relational tests show real world complexities. Results are not so neat & clean, so answers aren't black & white.
Ecological footprints are not all equal. The ecological footprints of countries vary greatly:
- The US footprint is almost 5 times grater than the worlds average.
- Developing countries have much smaller footprints compared to developed countries.
We face challenges in agriculture:
- Expanded food production leads to increased population & consumption.
- Its one of humanity's greatest achievements, but at an enormous environmental cost.
Since the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by 37% to the highest level in 650000 years.
Our energy choices will affect our future. Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will certainly be depleted.
Sustainable solutions exist:
- We must develop solutions that protect both our quality that protect both our quality of life & the environment.
- Organic agriculture.
- Technology: Reduces pollution.
- Biodiversity: Protect species.
- Waste disposal: Recycling.
- Alternative fuels.
Are things getting better of worse?
- Many people think environmental conditions are better. Cornucopias: Human ingenuity will solve any problem.
- Some think things are much worse in the world. Cassandras: Predict doom & disaster.
- How can you decide who is correct?
- Are the impacts limited to humans or are other organisms or systems involved?
- Are the proponents thinking in the long or short term?
- Are they considering all costs & benefits?
Sustainability is the goal for the future.
Main causes of the "Crisis of Unsustainability", types of pollutants, environmental ethics & even environmental laws have been discussed.
National Environment & Planning Agency(NEPA):
Established as a legal entity in 1991 with powers & responsibilities for:
- Pollution
- Waste management
- Coastal zone management
- Environmental education
- National parks
- Watershed management
- Environmental legal services
Bio-Diversity:
Bio-Diversity loss:
- Species extinction & habitat loss
- Today, biodiversity loss is 1000 times higher than the rates found in the fossil record.
Environmental tourism was also discussed with few examples.
There was a discussion about the bird "DODO"(Raphus cucullatus) which is already extinct.
The Tambalacoque, also known as the "dodo tree", was assumed to have been eaten from by dodos, and only by passing through the digestive tract of the dodo could the seeds germinate.
--
LEO J@N@$W@MY P#@N!TEJ@
Environment Balance
· The rule of the nature is that the “Stronger lives and weak one struggles to survive”.
· This may be very much hard to digest at first but that how the eco-system works.
· No animal population should be increased or decreased as it disturbs the whole cycle the eco-system.
· Humans as of now are the most populous creatures on the earth, which is leading to a severe crisis and if humans have to balance the eco-system is only one way i.e. if we can’t build a environment at least try not to break the imbalance by being “satisfied with ourselves”.
-g.v.s.gayathri
IT2
NATURAL RESOURCES
v For NATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, we need to understand the natural ecosystem.
v These are vital to human survival.
Ex: water, air, sun, forest etc.
v These are divided into two categories.
1. Renewable resources.
2. Non-renewable resources.
v To avoid the imbalance we need to propose and evaluate solutions.
v One of the solutions can be ‘sustainability.’
v Sustainability is the goal to future.
v CRISIS OF UNSUSTAINABILITY
· Inefficiency.
· Addiction to fuels.
· Over consumption.
· Under consumption.
· Bio-diversity.
· Global warming.
v One main reason for un-sustainability is population growth. It increased to above 6.7billions.
v Another reason is our choice of energy resources.
v And few other can be :
· More production, by using chemical fertilizers, pesticides.
· More consumption due to stable food supplies.
· Industrial revolution.
· Urbanization.
· Medicines.
v SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
· Organic agriculture.
· Waste management. (Recycling)
· Bio-diversity.
· Alternative fuels.
· Technology –reduces pollution.
· Re-generation.
v ENVIRONMENTAL FOOT PRINT: Foot print of a country can be its sufficiency of natural resources. It is the ‘balance of economy’ there.
ENVIRONMENT
v All living things and non-living things, external factors that affect an organism comprise ENVIRONMENT.
v Environment is ‘Humans and the world around us.’
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
v It is the study of
· How the natural world works
· How the environment affects humans and
· How the humans affect environment.
v It is the interdisciplinary study of humanity’s relationship with other organisms and the non-living environment.
v ENVIRONMENTALISM is a social movement to protect environment.
v SCIENCE: Systematic process of learning the world and testing our understanding of it.
v ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: it is the sense of environment ant is protection.
v ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: Enactment that ensure that environment is safe and protected.
v ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:
· Ozone depletion.
· Water pollution.
· Solid waste.
· Urbanization.
· Global warming.
· Land degradation.
· Species endangerment.
· Eco-system change.
v POLLUTION: it is an un-wanted change in our environment which has a bad impact on us.
v It can be
a) Degradable. Ex: paper
b) Non-degradable. Ex: plastic.
v NEPA: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PLANNING AGENCY.
It checks:
· Waste management.
· Costal zone management.
BIO-DIVERSITY
Ø It is the number of species.
Ø There are almost 129 crores of creatures.
Ø Effects of bio-diversity loss
· Habitat destruction.
· Climate change.
· Pollution.
Ø
Ø It is to become part of the nature.
Ø Ecological cycle: is the dependency of one species on the other.
R.NAVYA VARSHINI
(IT-2)
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